dos. Content and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p
Specifically, the WBQ will bring: (A) research into profile of one’s participant; (B) recording of usage on the period of the previous month out of strong and you can water dinner, water or products out of a semi-decimal eating volume questionnaire (FFQ) out of 58 meals verified for estimating times consumption and the more sugar and honey that’s put in beverages; and you can (C) estimation out of physical activity using their the fresh new Worldwide Exercise Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and this facts duration of physical activity within about three passion levels (intense, average, lighter exercise) or sedentary conditions. The brand new IPAQ could have been confirmed in the past given that a corner-federal instrument to own recording physical activity [20,21,22] also to guess time expense.
The ability and liquid posts off registered food and you will drinks are analyzed by using the Diet Data And (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and therefore spends constitution data throughout the USDA Federal Nutrient Database and you will selected Greek food (i.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek natural yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soups, several Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Considering complete time intake and effort expense, times equilibrium is actually analyzed also.
Contained in this study, “drinks” identifies fruits juices otherwise packaged liquid 100% as opposed to glucose stuff, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (good fresh fruit nectar that have sugar, carbonated drinks that have glucose and energy/isotonic products), low-calorie carbonated drinks, tea and you may herbal infusions, milk products (a myriad of milk products, chocolates milk products and you can cocoa take in), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee-and java products, and you may liquor (beer, wine and all sorts of type of alcohol). “Drink energy consumption (DEI)” describes time consumption from products “full opportunity consumption (TEI)” so you’re able to times Saudi-Arabia-naiset intake regarding most of the supply and you can “opportunity intake of delicacies” so you’re able to times intake of good and you will fluid ingredients (age.g., soups). This new share out of drinks communities to help you overall time intake (research off Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), shown just like the full drinking habits (TWI), we.age., h2o out of drinks, liquid, good and you may fluid items and also as take in water intake (DWI), we.e., liquids of beverages and you can water.
step 3. Mathematical Studies
Answers are presented as the mean ± sd into the generally speaking marketed details and you will average (P25–P75) toward skewed of these. Normality was examined utilizing the opportunities–likelihood spot (P–P spot) and you will histograms. Differences between visitors regarding your total opportunity consumption, energy out of products, energy off dinners, opportunity expense, energy harmony, water intake, drinking water out of liquids and you can drinks, liquid out-of beverages, h2o away from drinking water, liquids from foods, liquid loss and you can liquid harmony had been analyzed on separate attempt t-test to the typically distributed parameters as well as the Mann-Whittney You-decide to try into the skewed of them. Similarly, differences between the latest five quartiles of energy regarding products was basically assessed to your you to-way ANOVA F-sample towards generally speaking delivered parameters as well as the Kruskal-Wallis H Shot for the skewed of them. Benefits peak try set in the 5%. Correlations between the share from drinks in order to drinking habits for the relatives in order to energy within the cold temperatures and june was checked of the Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients for typically distributed or skewed parameters. All the mathematical analyses did playing with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).